25. Tulipa (T) ×gesneriana L., Sp. Pl.: 306 (1753). Tulipa coronaria Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton: 236 (1796), nom. superfl. Lectotype (designated by Dasgupta & Deb in Candollea 40: 158. 1985): Herb. Linn. no. 425.2 (LINN!). [Fig. 3]. Distribution: A complex hybrid only known from cultivation, escaping and sometimes naturalizing in France, Italy, Norway, Russia, Spain, Switzerland and Turkey. Note: Linnaeus included all known garden tulips under his species T. gesneriana. He named the species after the Swiss physician Conrad Gesner, the first European to describe and illustrate a tulip (Gesner, 1561). However, Gesner’s illustration resembles T. suaveolens, rather than Linnaeus’ tulip. The tulip preserved in the Linnean herbarium is a tall single tulip with broad leaves and probably yellow tepals. It matches some late flowering tulips used in the 18th and 19th centuries as stock for breeding flamed types. Few of these are still in cultivation, but they are the ancestors of the modern Darwin hybrids. The name T. gesneriana should not be applied to modern cultivars or any wild species.

Tulipa (T) suaveolens Roth, Ann. Bot. (Usteri)... Tulipa schrenkii Regel... Note: This species is generally known under the name of T. schrenkii, but the older name T. suaveolens has priority. It was originally believed that T. suaveolens was not based on a wild plant and therefore may have represented an old cultivar, such as one of the red and yellow Duc van Tol Group. In the Russian literature, it has been suggested to synonymize T. schrenkii under T. gesneriana (Mordak, 1990) because the tulip Gesner described was almost certainly this species. However, Linnaeus did not base his description on Gesner’s account (even though he cited it), the lectotype specimen of T. ×gesneriana in the Linnean Herbarium is a cultivated garden hybrid and quite different from wild T. suaveolens. It has been suggested that the name T. schrenkii, which is based on a wild plant, should be used, and T. suaveolens treated as a cultivar, but this is contrary to the botanical and horticultural codes. Because there is no type mentioned in the original publication of Roth for T. suaveolens, we hereby lectotypify it with a wild-collected specimen, which fixes this name to a wild plant. Tulipa suaveolens undoubtedly figured in the creation of garden tulips, and many of the early flowering cultivars appear similar. However, the garden hybrids have a complex ancestry, and this name should therefore only be applied to plants of known wild origin.

Therefore, we believe that there probably is no extant garden tulip to which the name T. gesneriana really applies, although some are still in cultivation under that name. Some cultivars grown at the Hortus Bulborum in Limmen, the Netherlands, may still be close to the original Linnaean tulips, but this cannot be verified, and thus it is preferable to treat all garden tulip cultivars without a species epithet and the Linnaean tulip as a complex hybrid of unknown parentage: T. ×gesneriana. Associated with T. ×gesneriana are most of the so-called neo-tulipae (Hall, 1929, 1940), a range of naturalized garden tulips described as species, mainly from France, Italy and Switzerland.

Искусственные садовые гибриды созданы из множества видов, поэтому фотографии таковых у нас обычно размещают на уровне рода, если не удаляют.

thus it is preferable to treat all garden tulip cultivars without a species epithet and the Linnaean tulip as a complex hybrid of unknown parentage: T. ×gesneriana

Some cultivars grown at the Hortus Bulborum in Limmen, the Netherlands, may still be close to the original Linnaean tulips, but this cannot be verified

Ну так это было до типификации T. gesneriana.

Lectotype (designated by Dasgupta & Deb in Candollea 40: 158. 1985): Herb. Linn. no. 425.2 (LINN!).

Российская школа ботаники трактует тюльпан Шренка (Tulipa schrenkii Regel) как синоним тюльпана Геснера[11]... 11. Черепанов С. К. Сосудистые растения России и сопредельных государств (в пределах бывшего СССР) — СПб, 1995

Личинки являются паразитоидами гусениц бабочек и личинок некоторых жуков. Взрослые самки охотятся на гусениц для откладывания в них яиц и в которых в будущем появится личинка осы, также оса может охотиться на личинок жуков-листоедов. Сами же взрослые осы питаются нектаром растений[5]. Осы делают норки, в которых оставляют гусеницу с отложенным в неё яйцом. Иногда оса занимает норки, ранее заселяемые другими осами. Род Zethus делает гнёзда в полостях мёртвой древесины. Большинство ос регулярно снабжают своих личинок, оставленных в норах, гусеницами[5].

Да вообще пофигу, что они там пишут.